Purchasing Management free essay sample

Purchasing management directs the flow of goods and services in a company and handles all data relating to contact with suppliers. Effective purchasing management requires knowledge of the supply chain, business and tax laws, invoice and inventory procedures, and transportation and logistics issues. Although a strong knowledge of the products and services to be purchased is essential, purchasing management professionals must also be able to plan, execute, and oversee purchasing strategies that are conducive to company profitability. Sourcing reliable suppliers is a crucial part of purchasing management. Purchasing managers, agents, and buyers usually learn about new products and services from Internet searches, trade shows, and conferences. They meet with potential suppliers in their plants whenever possible. Skills in foreign languages may be helpful for sourcing suppliers in other countries. Purchasing management professionals must always assess potential suppliers in terms of the suppliers ability to deliver quality merchandise at a suitable price on time. We will write a custom essay sample on Purchasing Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Purchasing management professionals must be good negotiators, understand technical product information, have good mathematical ability, understand spreadsheet software, understand marketing methodology, and be outstanding decision makers. Increased responsibilities in purchasing management require good leadership skills, and higher positions often require a masters degree in a business related subject. Entry level purchasing management positions such as junior buyers, assistant buyers, and purchasing clerks, often require a college degree and some product knowledge. Larger distributors may require a bachelors degree for entry level purchasing management positions. Training and learning typically start in sales, then supervision, and invoice and stock monitoring. Professional purchasing management designations include Certified Purchasing Professional (CPP) in the United States, and Certified Professional Purchaser (CPP) in Canada. Purchasing managers, buyers, and materials managers control budgets, manage staff, and may analyze procurement methods as well as negotiate supplier contracts. Purchasing management professionals must understand tax laws, purchasing trends, ethics, and global outsourcing issues. Buyers and purchasing agents usually deal specifically with purchasing tasks, while purchasing managers usually supervise others, including purchasing agents. However, titles and duties vary greatly between industries and employers. Buyers often have assistants to place orders and keep track of delivery details. Buyers need the ability to select products that consumers will want to buy, so they need to understand trends as well as economic conditions that affect consumer buying decisions. Buyers employed in small stores may be responsible for purchasing the stores entire inventory, while buyers working for larger operations may focus on a few product lines. Merchandise managers may work with an advertising team to create a campaign for the goods they purchase. Follow up is an important part of purchasing management as responsibility does not end in purchasing goods. For example, merchandise managers need to check to be sure the products they buy are being displayed well to attract consumers. Buyers must keep track of customer demands for new products as well as determine how well goods are selling. Purchase Management is a function of materials management in a company. Their basic function is procuring the inputs for production function. This function encompasses suppliers in the market external to the organization and several internal to the organization. Till recently, the purchasing process simply involved placing an order with the supplier who offered the lowest price. Nowadays, increase in competition and market demand and scarcity of resources have forced organizations to reexamine their purchasing activities. The purchasing department functions have expanded considerably and include activities such as verifying the credentials of suppliers, inspecting the quality of the material to be purchased, ensuring the timely delivery of the material, etc. While the value of purchased items varies from industry to industry, it adds up to more than fifty percent of sales in all industries. Purchase management is regarded as a significant activity in many organizations because of the high cost involved in carrying out purchasing activities, increasing quality benchmarks, and increasing global competition. Purchase departments buy raw materials, parts, machinery, and services used by production systems. The objective of purchase management is to procure the right equipment, materials, supplies and services in the right quantity, of the right quality, from the right suppliers, at the right time, at the lowest price. Case 1 The Santek Images Business Unit Consolidated Products is a $21 billion company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company’s five business units, which offer a wide array of products and services, are the result of an aggressive strategy of mergers and acquisitions starting in the late 1980s. The corporate staff is surprisingly small, comprised of general management, legal staff, and human resources. Part of the reason for this small staff is due to the eclectic array of businesses housed within one corporate entity. A Business Week editor recently commented that â€Å"Consolidated Products could easily be broken up into five separate companies, since at one time it was five separate companies. † The editor also said that if the company â€Å"ever learned how to leverage its size in the marketplace, Consolidated Products could be a Wall Street powerhouse! † While Consolidated Products is a global corporation with facilities around the world, it operates each business unit as a highly independent and decentralized company. The corporate culture is best described as entrepreneurial, with each business unit being headed by an executive vice president who has complete profit and loss accountability. One of the business units, Santek Images, is the focus of this case. The purchasing and supply function is becoming increasingly important to CM Manufacturers, mainly because it has become one of the greatest spender of organizational funds and directly affects the organization’s profitability. The reasons for the increasing importance of the purchasing function include: Why purchasing is important in the new competitive environment: 1. Increase number of world-class competitors 2. Sophisticated customer base 3. Balance of power between buyers and sellers 4. Greater outsourcing 5. Allow company to participate in product development and design Purchasing objective: 1. Supply chain continuity 2. Manage the purchasing process efficiently and effectively * Determine staff level * Allocate budgets * Provide training and growth opportunity * Introduce procure to pay systemc 3. Develop supply base management Select competitive suppliers by identifying suppliers with potential and build close relationship with existing suppliers 4. Develop strong relationship with other functional stakeholders 5. Develop integrated purchasing strategies that support organization strategies 6. Support organization goals and objectives Supply chain management: a strategic approach to plan for acquiring the organization’s current and future needs through effective managi ng the supply chain in conjunction with cross-function team to achieve the organizational mission. More stringent quality standards- The higher the quality standards are, the fewer the number of suppliers able to meet the requirements. Also quality standards relate to cost, since the higher the quality is, the higher the purchase cost will be. †¢ Holding inventory- CM manufacturers has to buy as effectively as possible to keep inventory levels to a minimum and reduce the cost of holding inventory. †¢ Foreign suppliers- Using overseas suppliers may reduce purchasing costs by creating more competition in the market. Foreign suppliers can also ensure the supply of materials to the enterprise, regardless of the state of the local market. Shortages of materials- Carel has to prevent stoppages in the flow of materials by becoming aware of the risk in good time and by taking the necessary steps to counteract possible shortages in the market. †¢ Cost of developing new product s- Development costs relate directly to the buyer’s attempt to obtain the right material at minimum cost for the development of new products. †¢ Greater competition- The enterprise is forced to cut costs, in order to sell its product at a competitive price. †¢ Price control- Price control over the enterprises finished products forces it to cut costs in order to make a better profit. Inflation – Inflation causes the prices of purchased goods to rise. This puts pressure on the purchasing function to buy more effectively Key Concepts: Inventory are those stocks or items used to support production (raw materials and work-in-process items), supporting activities (maintenance, repair, and operating supplies), and customer service (finished goods and spare parts). Inventory functions are anticipation, hedge, cycle (lot size), functions (safety stock, buffer, or reserve), transportation (pipeline) and service parts. Why do you keep inventory? What is the true cost of inventory holding? How much money can you add to the bottom line with good inventory management? How do you reduce you exposure to obsolete and excess inventory? How much are back orders causing you in lost sales and customer perception? What are Service levels: A desired measure (usually expressed as a percentage) of satisfying demand through inventory or by the current production schedule in time to satisfy the customers requested delivery dates and quantities. What Types of Inventory are there? There are many was to look at inventories. Inventories include raw materials: purchased items or extracted materials that are converted via the manufacturing process into components and products. Purchasing management is very important to any business, if not handled properly it can be detrimental to its success. There are steps to the creation of a project supply, service and material budge from detailed requirements within purchasing and supply management. These details show how to choose the best qualified suppliers and strategies for negotiating for the best prices and if there are benefits and costs of outsourcing, which includes the growth of outsourcing. A varied of organizations should be evaluated regarding their purchasing and supply management; what are there policies and practices in this process. In the technology industry there are companies that show market leadership in purchasing and supply management such as Dell, Toshiba and Gateway. When the term â€Å"purchasing† is mentioned most think of just buying and refers to the location and choice of suppliers, knowing the need of what needs to be bought, negoation of price and terms of agreement and then payment and delivery. The purchasing and procurement of supplies is the function and responsibility of procuring materials, supplies and services used in the course of conducting business. There was a time that purchasing and supply were viewed as two different process, today’s businesses have a different view and have combined the two processes. In Purchasing and Supply Management the authors, Johnson, Leenders and Flynn, state that â€Å"Purchasing, supply management, and procurement are used interchangeably to refer to the integration of related functions to provide effective and efficient materials and services to the organization.

Biography of Cy Twombly, Romantic Symbolist Artist

Biography of Cy Twombly, Romantic Symbolist Artist Cy Twombly (born Edwin Parker Cy Twombly, Jr.; April 25, 1928–July 5, 2011) was an American artist known for works featuring scribbled, sometimes graffiti-like paintings. He was often inspired by classical myths and poetry. His style is called romantic symbolism for its interpretation of classical material in shapes and words or wordless calligraphy. Twombly also created sculptures during much of his career. Fast Facts: Cy Twombly Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Romantic symbolist paintings and characteristic scribblesBorn: April 25, 1928 in Lexington, VirginiaDied: July 5, 2011 in Rome, ItalyEducation: School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Black Mountain CollegeSelected Works: Academy (1955), Nine Discourses on Commodus (1963), Untitled (New York) (1970)Notable Quote: I swear if I had to do this over again, I would just do the paintings and never show them. Early Life and Education Cy Twombly grew up in Lexington, Virginia. He was the son of a professional baseball player, Cy Twombly, Sr., who had a short major league career pitching for the Chicago White Sox. Both men were nicknamed Cy after legendary pitcher Cy Young. As a child, Cy Twombly practiced art with kits that his family ordered from the Sears Roebuck catalog. He began taking art lessons at age 12. His instructor was painter Pierre Daura, a Catalan artist who fled Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s. After high school, Twombly studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and Washington and Lee University. In 1950, he began studying at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artist Robert Rauschenberg. The two men became lifelong friends. With Rauschenbergs encouragement, Twombly spent much of 1951 and 1952 studying at the now-defunct Black Mountain College in North Carolina with artists like Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, and Ben Shahn. Klines black-and-white abstract expressionist paintings, in particular, heavily influenced Twomblys early work. Twomblys first solo exhibition took place at the Samuel M. Kootz Gallery in New York in 1951. Military Influence and Early Success With a grant from the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Cy Twombly traveled to Africa and Europe in 1952. Robert Rauschenberg accompanied him. When Twombly returned to the U.S. in 1953, Twombly and Rauschenberg presented a two-person show in New York City that was so scandalous, the visitor comments book was removed to avoid the negative and hostile responses to the show. In 1953 and 1954, Cy Twombly served in the U.S. Army as a cryptologist deciphering coded communication. While on weekend leaves, he experimented with the Surrealist art technique of automatic drawing, and he adapted it to create a methodology for drawing in the dark. The result was abstract forms and curves that emerged as key elements of later paintings. Cy Twombly Academy (1955) at Museum of Modern Art, New York City, USA. Robert Alexander / Getty Images From 1955 through 1959, Twombly emerged as a prominent New York artist associating with both Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. During this period, his scribbled pieces on white canvas gradually evolved. His work became simpler in form and monochromatic in tone. By the late 1950s, his pieces appeared on dark canvas with what looked like white lines scratched into the surface. Romantic Symbolism and Blackboard Paintings In 1957, on a trip to Rome, Cy Twombly met Italian artist Baroness Tatiana Franchetti. They married in New York City in 1959 and soon moved to Italy. Twombly spent part of the year in Italy and part in the U.S. for the rest of his life. After moving to Europe, classical Roman myths began to heavily influence Twomblys art. In the 1960s, he frequently used classical mythology as source material. He created cycles based on myths like Leda and the Swan and The Birth of Venus. His work was dubbed romantic symbolism, as the paintings were not directly representational but rather were meant to symbolize the classical, romantic content. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Twombly created what are often called the Blackboard Paintings: scrawled white writing on a dark surface that resembles a chalkboard. The writing does not form words. In the studio, Twombly reportedly sat on the shoulders of a friend and moved back and forth along the canvas to create his curving lines. Cy Twomblys Untitled (New York City) at Christies auction. Peter Mcdiarmid / Getty Images In 1963, after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Twombly created a series of paintings informed by the life of the assassinated Roman emperor Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius. He titled it Nine Discourses on Commodus. The paintings include violent splatters of color against the background of grey canvases. When exhibited in New York in 1964, American critics reviews were largely negative. However, the Commodus series is now seen as one of Twomblys most significant achievements. Sculpture Cy Twombly created sculpture from found objects throughout the 1950s, but he stopped producing three-dimensional work in 1959 and did not begin again until the mid-1970s. Twombly returned to found and discarded objects, but just like his paintings, his sculptures were newly influenced by classical myths and literature. Most of Twomblys sculptures are painted white- in fact, he once said, White paint is my marble. Cy Twombly sculptures and paintings at the Broad Museum in Los Angeles, California, USA. Santi Visalli / Getty Images Twomblys sculpted works were not well-known to the public for most of his career. An exhibition of selected sculpted pieces from throughout his career was shown at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2011, the year of Twomblys death. Since they are constructed mostly of found objects, many observers see his sculpture as a three-dimensional record of the artists life. Later Works and Legacy Late in his career, Cy Twombly added more bright color to his work, and on occasion his pieces were representational, such as his massive late-career paintings of roses and peonies. Classical Japanese art influenced these works; some are even inscribed with Japanese haiku poetry. Untitled (Roses), Cy Twombly (2008) at the Broadhurst Museum in Munich. Miguel Villagran / Getty Images One of Twomblys final works was the painting of the ceiling of a sculpture gallery at the Louvre museum in Paris, France. He died of cancer on July 5, 2011, in Rome, Italy. Twombly avoided the trappings of celebrity for most of his career. He chose to let his painting and sculpture speak for themselves. The Milwaukee Art Museum presented the first Twombly retrospective in 1968. Later major exhibitions included a 1979 retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Arts 1994 retrospective in New York City. Many see Twomblys work as a significant influence on important contemporary artists. Echoes of his approach to symbolism are seen in the work of Italian artist Francesco Clemente. Twomblys paintings also presaged the large-scale paintings by Julian Schnabel and the use of scribbling in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat. Sources Rivkin, Joshua. Chalk: The Art and Erasure of Cy Twombly. Melville House, 2018.Storsve, Jonas. Cy Twombly. Sieveking, 2017.

Truth and Represenation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Truth and Represenation - Essay Example The issue has drawn attention from all over the world due to massive and innocent abduction of students and teachers. The issue of Boko Haram rose over religious differences between the northeastern where majority of citizens are Islamic and the Christian south. Since 2012 over 100 students reported dead as the Boko Haram gunmen burst into dormitories and set their residents with fire while the students were asleep. In addition over 400 students especially girls are missing their main agenda is to introduce Islamic sharia law and culture in the entire nation of Nigeria2. The kidnappers are forcing the abducted girls to cook for them and collect water. According to the residents of Chibok village, when more than 300 girls abducted last month the kidnapping being facilitated by Boko Haram leader, Abubakar Shekau who claims to have been abducting the girls and selling them in Chad and Cameroon border as slaves, while other are given out as brides for $ 12 dollars each3. Collection of the People of Cultural traditions for Proselytism and Jihad is now a concern of the entire continent and the whole world’s is clear from the reports being revealed by the media that the military forces are being involved in the kidnapping and the abduction4. Therefore, the only approach to solving the inhuman situation is through engagement of international bodies and non-governmental charitable groups 3 According to Langton Marcia, 1951 the critique of political and anti-religious conflicts needs a critical theory in an attempt to find a truth image without interfering with the cultures of society 4. The problems on abduction of Nigerian students has spread over too many people through the social media where the public is aware of the situation and offer their own opinions on how to help rescue the disappeared girls as well as finding solutions to help curb the inhumane act of the Boko Haram and their followers. Mitchell Obama the

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Public health - Essay Example In this paper, the views of different health experts such as John Snow and Florence Nightingale will put into the mirror and be compared and contrasted to those of Aggleton. John Snow concept of health and illness rotates around is research on cholera (Thomas, 1973). The spread of cholera was not his issue but the cause of the disease. He argues that the cholera was a consequence of air pollution (Chepelle, 2005). He argues that air pollution led to the development of the cholera causing bacteria that eventually affected people (Donaldson, 2005). His argument on the prevention of the disease is that for human beings to be safe they needed to live and work in an environment free from pollution. Florence Nightingale experience on social health revolves around the healing process of an individual patient. She notes that the environment is the most basic consideration that instigates the healing of the patient. Her analysis assures patients that they can only health faster when placed in a clean environment (Last, 2007). Florence’s definition of a clean environment focuses on various facilities. Foremost, she says fresh air is important as the patient will be able to breathe in and out without affecting the respiratory system (Kozier, et al., 2004). Pure water is also important to the patient as it does not carry any organism that may cause diseases (Craven & Hirnle, 2003). Proper drainage system is also praised as poor drainage may be a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms such as mosquitoes. She adds that the cleanliness is important to both the health providers and the patient. Lastly, she mentions the important of light in the healing process and notes tha t light is crucial for treatment of diseases. Aggleton focuses on the influence of the society in achieving proper health. Society for a long time has been divided into relation to the economic status of a person. Individuals in the

School Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Education - Essay Example The first article, ‘Against School’, illustrates how school is a tool that is formulated to fulfill an objective, rather than create a concept that is essential, as well as enjoyable, for students. ‘Against school’ provides the aspect of the problems that ails the school system and its effects on students. The second article is ‘Boredom is a common condition for schoolteachers’; this paper demonstrates a major problem with school education (167). The methods used to teach are tedious and can affect how individuals will learn concepts and ideologies that relate to various topics and subjects. This highlights that teacher get tired of teaching, and from time to time, they are unable to teach students in accordance to expectations. It brings the idea of taking children to school into question, because they do not normally enjoy their experience in school. Students are more likely to resent school, and hate education in general. (170) In contrast, ‘Learning to Read’ by Malcolm X provides a different perspective on education. The article describes how Malcolm X would teach himself and learn terminologies and words that he would apply on a daily basis. ‘I was so fascinated that I went on, I copied the Dictionary’s next page’. Malcolm X was pleased with the dictionary; it became his tool for learning (220). The main factor is that he was pleased with the impact of the dictionary that he made it his main learning tool. The article illustrates that learning can be an enjoyable experience when implemented under the right condition. Malcolm X proved that the nature of learning is determined by the tools and the attitude of individuals. The two articles bring into question the aspect of school education. ‘Against School’ illustrates the problems that plague the school education system, while ‘Learning to Read’ demonstrates the advantages of self-education. In general, the articles prove that the environment is a

Exploring the issue of child poverty

Exploring the issue of child poverty There are two terms of poverty absolute and relative. Absolute refers to the amount of basics that we need to survive and relative is the standards of living in a society at any particular time (Kelly McKendrick 2007). This essay aims to discuss the impact of poverty on community and social care, the influences it has on health across the lifespan, the relevance to nursing practice, services available to address the problem and local policies on poverty. Poverty is when a household income (adjusted for the size and make-up of the household) is less than 60% of the UK average income. The circumstances that cause poverty are wide-ranging and include many day-to-day things including health, housing, education, employment and access to services (The Scottish Government 2010). There has been a steady growth of child poverty in Scotland and in the UK in the last few years. Accordingly households in Scotland where income is lower than most can be considered to be living in poverty (Kelly McKendrick 2007). The Government wants to provide children and young people with the best start in life. The Governments pledge in 1999 to end child poverty by 2020 has already led to 600,000 fewer children in poverty in the UK. Although progress has been made, 2.9 million children still remain in poverty. With the introduction of The Child Poverty Bill in 2009 the Government will be answerable to Parliament on the progress of this Bill (DCSF 2009). Poverty is not only happening in this country but all over the world. A report out by a leading charity has announced that 4 million children are living in poverty and about 1.7 million children are living in severe poverty in the UK one of the richest countries in the world (Save the Children 2010). Child poverty restricts childrens involvement to activities and services. While some children will grow up in low income households and go on to achieve their goals many will not. Poverty places stress on family life and excludes children from everyday activities which other children take for granted (David Piachaud 2005). The barriers which Lone parents face when they try to move from benefits to work can be that Employers are often reluctant to employ them; which means that lone parents worry about combining work with their childcare responsibilities. Financial stability is crucial, but it is often hard to achieve. Some lone parents working into low-paid jobs find they are simply worse off in work than living on benefits. Citizens Advice argues that adequate support for parents lies in breaking down the barriers to going back to work, the re-organising of the tax and welfare systems, ensuring appropriate childcare; and for employers to provide more flexible jobs (Citizens Advice 2008). Adair Turners Pension Commission report has set out new policies on pensions. The changes to retirement ages which are set to rise to 66 by the year 2030, 67 by 2040 and 68 at 2050. Turner proposes that the Basic State Pension would increase in line with earnings instead of prices from 2010 bringing a rise in income for pensioners. There would also be a reduction in means-tested benefits such as Pension Credit which the Commission believes act as a deterant to saving. After some pressure by Help the Aged, among others, Adair Turner has decided that entitlement to pensions should be based on residency instead of contributions from the age of 75, while the complex State Second Pension (S2P) would eventually become a flat-rate extra payment. Turner has also set up a National Pension Savings Scheme (NPSS) which would mean workers would pay 4 per cent of their salary into their pension, alongside additional contributions from the Government and employers (Help the Aged 2010). There are a number of benefits available to help people on low incomes. These are Jobseekers Allowance, Incapacity Benefit, Severe Disablement Allowance, Disability Living Allowance, Pension Credit and Income Support and from April 2004 Child Tax Credit and Child Benefit. Income Support is a means tested benefit for people whose income falls below a specified level or who have no other source of income. Welfare payments are an important source of household income in Scotland almost one sixth of household income in Scotland comprises welfare payments and state pensions combined. Therefore making household incomes in Scotland more reliant on welfare benefits than any other parts of the UK (Kelly McKendrick 2007). The introduction of a National Minimum Wage (NMW) was a major feature of the Labour Partys manifesto. Following their election the Government set up an independent Low Pay Commission to recommend the level of the NMW and how it should apply to young people and people in training. The reasons put forward to support an NMW cover three broad areas; social a minimum wage would target low pay and poverty; equity a minimum wage reduces exploitation, protects employers, and cuts the cost to taxpayers of topping up low incomes via the social security system; economic extra demand in the economy would increase employment; a minimum wage could also boost investment and productivity (CIPD 2009). Child Trust Fund (CTF) is a savings and investment account for children. Children born on or after 1 September 2002 will receive a  £250 voucher to start their account. The account belongs to the child and cant be touched until they turn 18, so that children have some money behind them to start their adult life (Child Trust Fund 2010). A large income gap between the most weathly and the worst off in society is closely associated with higher death rates worldwide, especially for younger adults, finds a study published on bmj.com today as part of a global theme issue on poverty and human development. Studies show that greater income inequality in a nation is associated with higher mortality rates, but most have focused on wealthier nations. However, it has recently been suggested that the effects of income inequality on health are of importance worldwide, not just in wealthy nations. There is also some evidence that this effect is more pronounced at different ages. They confirm that the impact of income inequality on health is real and that it has a greater influence on mortality in wealthier countries between the ages of 15 and 29, and worldwide between the ages of 25 and 39 (BMJ 2007). If being poor is bad for you, living in a cold home can be lethal. The annual figures published on excess winter deaths are the best we have from official sources however there are no figures which take in the knock-on costs to the NHS of cold-related illnesses, In the last set of figures, covering the winter months of 2004-2005, the number of winter deaths reached nearly 30,000. There are policies in place to help people who are fuel-poor, but they do not know that they are fuel poor and can access help. This is where community nurses come in. Health professionals are usually welcome visitors in any house and enjoy a degree of trust from the public. People who need help with their fuel poverty needs probably claim it the least. Many are isolated by poor health or their own poverty. Community nurses do not have the time to become experts but helping their clients to benefit from these programmes would help them to feel better. So encouraging older people who may be cold and poor to explore benefit health checks could transform their income, warmth and health (Mervyn Kohler 2006). Someone living in a deprived area is more than twice as likely to have a long term illness compared with someone in a weathly area. People living with a long term illnesses are likely to be more disadvantaged across a range of social factors such as employment, qualifications, home ownership and income. The impact of deprivation can also be seen in terms of mental health and wellbeing, with a recent Scottish survey reporting higher levels of mental wellbeing being associated with those on higher incomes (Scottish Government 2007). Studies on the impact of temporary unemployment have demonstrated that being out of work is bad for an individuals health. Those analyses did not control for the economic cycle, however. In a recent study, Strully24 looked at US interview data taken from 1999, 2001 and 2003 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. People were asked about certain aspects of their employment, their health and a variety of health conditions. Losing your job was associated with a 54% chance of reporting fair or poor health, and for a person with no pre-existing health conditions, the chances of reporting a new one increased by 83% with job loss. Low unemployment is also associated with the reporting of more poor health conditions (S Bezchruka 2009). The Black Report, published in 1980 stated that although the establishment of the National Health Service the differences between the health of the rich and poor had widened not narrowed, health had improved over all socio-economic groups but had been greater among the educated and wealthy (Oxford Journal). The Acheson Report, published in 1998, called for an increase in benefit for women of childbearing age, expectant mothers, young children and pensioners and said that many people on low incomes had insufficient money to buy the food and services necessary for good health. It also called for more funding for education in deprived areas; better nutrition at schools; Children should learn about parenting and relationships, and should receive sex education. (Telegraph 2010). The above reports by Black and Acheson collected information which showed that ill health and disease are socially patterned with the more wealthy groups of society living longer and enjoying better health than deprived groups. Nevertheless health has slowly improved but there is still a great divide between socioeconomic groups and their health status (Naidoo Wills 2009). The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007. There are seven measurements of deprivation these include income, employment, health and disability, skills and training, education, housing, living environment and crime. There are also six district summary scores for each Local Authority district (there are 354 districts in England) and for each County Council and higher tier (there are 149 of these). A relative ranking of areas, according to their level of deprivation is then provided. There are also supplementary Indices measuring income deprivation amongst children and older people: the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) and the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI) (Communities.gov 2007). In conclusion although the Governments pledge to eradicate child poverty by 2020 is underway there is still a great deal to consider in order to help both young and old people.

Mexican Immigration Before and After World War II Essay -- Mexicans Al

Mexican Immigration Before and After World War II Coming from a life of poverty and despair would cause anyone to search for a better life; a life in which there is the belief that all of your dreams can come true. This is the belief that many Mexican immigrants had about â€Å"El Norte,† they believed that the north would provide them with the opportunity that their life in Mexico had not. Many Immigrants believed that the United States was â€Å"the land of opportunity,† a place to find a successful job and live out the life that one only dreamt about living. The North was an open paradise for the immigrants. They were told by the people who had already ventured to the north that the United States was a â€Å"simple life, in which one could live like a king or queen, but in reality immigrants were treated like slaves in the new country that promised them their dreams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Immigrants who enter the United States are searching for work and the opportunity to live a better life. They are from small towns deep within Mexico that do not offer much opportunity for the people of the town to live a prosperous life and to provide for their family. In the small town of Sierra Mixteco, men women and children arrived in town at various times of the day bent over loads of fire wood gathered from the mountains to sell in the town market. For those who did not sell fire wood, they spent their time making straw hats to sell in the markets of larger towns, both of these jobs only provided pennies a day for the families to survive on. So the stories that the men brought back from the North gave the people of the small towns the hope that a better life did exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was typical for the men to travel to the north first in order to find a job and set up the life for his family. In the town of San Geronimo, 85% of all men over the age of 15 had left the village in search of work in other parts of Mexico and in the United States. The men would make the trip alone and would send the money that they had made to their wives and children back in the village. The trip to the North was long and very dangerous. For the men who entered the country illegally, the trip could even be deadly. For the men who did have some money, they would hire a â€Å"coyote,† a man who would help them cross the border for a price. Sometimes coyotes were legitimate people who sought to help others, while... ... wish come true by finally making it to the North, all of their dreams did not come true. As seen through the decades, there was not an abundance of jobs available to immigrants and those that were available were low paying. Many immigrants simply worked until they had made enough money and then went back home to Mexico. In the fall for example, after the harvest in the valley, families of Mexican and American children would load up and head back to Mexico for weeks and months. School teachers would say, â€Å"What a shame it was that Mexicans did that to their children† (taking them out of school to travel back to Mexico). The life of immigrants was not all that they had expected, many were homesick for their native land, but yet they did not want to convey to their families how depressing life was in the United States; they only shared the good news. The immigrants at first certainly did not have the opportunities they were promised but they did contribute greatly to our national image and wealth. They also filled a large void after the war started and were given skilled jobs in return for stepping up. All information taken from: The American Identity CD www.Wikipedia.org